This study empirically examines the relationship between overall (and individual) environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance and intellectual capital, using data from 115 firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange over the period 2017 to 2023. Additionally, the Altman Z-score is employed to investigate the moderating role of financial constraints on the relationship between ESG performance and intellectual capital. A panel data approach with pooled data analysis was utilized, employing the EViews statistical software. The findings indicate that the performance indicators, along with their three core components, have a significant positive impact on intellectual capital. This suggests that companies should incorporate ESG activities as an integral part of their strategies and pursue innovations that prevent competitors from imitating their business approaches. Moreover, the higher the Altman Z-score, the stronger and more positive the relationship between financial and non-financial performance and intellectual capital. The study contributes to the limited existing literature on performance indicators and intellectual capital. Firms demonstrating strong financial and non-financial performance in sustainable development enjoy a competitive advantage. Therefore, information regarding companies’ strategies for integrating, creating, transferring, and applying intellectual capital can provide stakeholders with a long-term perspective on the firm's future
Navidi Abbaspour E, mollazadehtasmalu S, manafi F. The Impact of Environmental, Social, and Governance Performance on Intellectual Capital with Emphasis on Financial Constraints. qjerp 2026; 34 (117) :336-375 URL: http://qjerp.ir/article-1-3763-en.html