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This paper investigates the long run relationship between financial development and economic growth since 1340 to 1385. Firstly, we study diverse instruments of Iranian financial system. Then, we define 8 indices extracted from banking system to represent indicator of financial development. Furthermore, we transform the indexes of financial development into a unique and comprehensive index by using factor analysis method. We estimate relationship between these variables an assess causality relationship by means of Granger Causality Test. Our findings show: (a) there is a direct relationship between financial development and economic growth in Iran and (b) the direction of causality is from economic growth to financial development.

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Using tests of Panel Unit Root, Panel Co integration, and Dynamic Ordinary Least Square (DOLS), this study tests, analyzes, and explains the impact of economic growth on renewable energy consumption in two groups of selected OECD and non-OECD countries for the period 1980-2008. Results indicate that there is a long-run co-integrated relationship between economic growth and per - capita renewable energy consumption in both groups coefficients of variables are statistically significant and positive. Moreover, the long-run impact of economic growth on per - capita renewable energy consumption in OECD countries is greater than that of non-OECD countries.

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This paper investigates the inequality of consumption expenditures caused by transference of income dispersion to consumption expenditures distribution. In order to calculate the rate of income inequality and consumption expenditures inequality the Lorenz ratio and the specific concentration‘s ratio have been used respectively. Iranian Households’ Income and expenditures data during 1966 - 2009 has been reviewed in this paper. In order to analyze the relationships between variables we have employed panel data methodology. The results of Panel Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (Panel ARDL) test show that there is a long-term relationship between income and consumption expenditures distribution. Estimations show that income inequality has significant impact on consumption expenditures distribution. The results also indicate that all of the fluctuations of income inequality do not transmit into the consumption expenditures distribution. So, consumption has a smoother behavior than income during the time. These results are in accordance with macroeconomics debate in consumption.

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This study examines the linearity of money demand function and monitors money demand reaction with respect to different levels of inflation. The linkage between money demand and inflation is not always straightforward: some research report is positive but it is revealed negative in some other papers. It has been argued by economists that such conflicting results has roots in the differences associated with the structures of economic agent’s expectations. Therefore, this paper tries to shed more light on this problem as well as monitoring the behavior of Iran's money demand function encountering to different levels of inflation on one hand and computing threshold level of inflation on the other hand using annual data from 1973-2011. For this purpose, four money demand functions are developed in terms of Keynesian school and Friedman theory of money demand with nonlinear specifications, which are estimated using smooth transition (STR) system. First, stationarity of time series has been examined with unit root tests and then existence of a long-run co-movement among the variables have been verified by Johansen co integration procedure. Furthermore, in order to distinct long-run from short-run dynamics, a vector error correction (VECM) procedure has been adopted. Findings are in favor of existence of a nonlinear money demand function in Iran and a well-adjustment of logistic smooth transition function (LSTR) in this case. Results show that threshold level of inflation is about 14.75%, indicating that the money demand function reacts negatively facing any higher level of the estimated threshold level of inflation, but positively in lower rates.