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This paper attempts, by further studies of the underlying basic policies regarding the Article 44 of Iranian Constitution, to examine the mutual co-operation of state and market in economic regulation as one of the policy objectives in that Article. The paper consists of three sections. First, we study the views of the main economic schools of thought regarding the role and scope of Government interventions with an emphasis on its regulatory role. It is concluded that the major dominant schools of thought believe the regulatory role of Government in the economy while the discrepancy of views are focused on the scope of intervention and the nature of the regulatory policies. In the second part of this paper, the historical background of Government interventions in the World Economy as well in the Iranian economy are studied and compared. It is shown that the extreme views on the role of state and market in securing economic efficiency are failed, and the general tendency in recent years is focused on the mutual co-operation of state and market in which state has the role of guidance, supervision and regulation as complementary factors to the market performance. The third part of this paper refers to the study of regulatory instruments (such as competitive rules and regulations, regulatory codes and conducts and public ownership of monopolies). In this regard, the historical background of regulatory behavior and its legal foundations in Iran is also considered.

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The subject of this article is to assess Personal Income Distribution in I.R. Iran both in rural and urban areas using Gini coefficient and Atkinson index in the period of 2001- 2013. These two indices satisfy Dalton principles (principles about requirements of a good income distribution index) and comparing to other income distribution indices are more precise. Although Gini coefficient is the most common measure of income inequality, since it is highly sensitive to inequalities in the middle of the income spectrum, it may not be able to distinguish between two different income distributions. But the Atkinson index considering social welfare function into the measurement of income inequality allows for varying sensitivity to inequalities in different levels of the income distribution and it can be a complement to Gini coefficient. Results based on Gini and Atkinson show decreasing income inequality during the investigated period both in rural and urban areas. Income inequality in urban areas is less than rural areas and considering different income levels, the income inequality rises in both areas as the level of income increases. Since the year 2010, income inequality has been decreasing in both areas and there was a more sensible decrease in 2011 which could be due to performing the subsidy reform program and a payment of 455000 Rials per person to Iranian families since December 2010 (as Dalton's third principle of equal payments suggests)

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We investigate the impact of land reform on the destruction of "Bone" and agricultural production in the arid regions in Iran. We employ the agricultural census collected in 1960 (1339) and 1971 (1350)-1974 (1353). Our empirical methodology is difference-in-difference. Results indicate that in regions with bone, the agricultural production has dropped due to the land reform of 1962 (1341)-1966 (1345). We interpret this finding due to destruction of the lord-peasant relationship which has had guaranteed investment in common sources like water provision system.  Besides the statistical contribution of this research, it lights on future research by firstly employing historical datasets in Iran. Moreover, future researches may study the general equilibrium effect of the land reform on the whole economy, and not just the agricultural sector.

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The growing popularity of virtual currencies such as Bitcoin, an Internet innovation with a function similar to "fiat" money or government money, due to the high velocity and efficiency in transactions (especially overseas payments) as well as the elimination of the additional operating costs incurred by intermediaries attract the policymakers and global decision-making centers attention. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the impact of virtual currency (Bitcoin) expansion on the demand of Iranian formal money in the form of cash-in-advance model (CIA) with dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) approach. To do so, the data of the period of 1989-2017 with seasonal sequence has been used. In the proposed model, it is assumed that households show their money demand in two forms of official money and virtual money. Maintenance and demand for virtual currency can have a significant impacts on the macroeconomic variables. In this study, the shock caused by the price of Bitcoin and its volume of transactions has been considered as an indicator of demand for virtual currency. The results show that as the demand for virtual currency increases, the demand for the formal currency declines and consequently the income of seigniorage decreases.

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The sudden drop in crude oil prices during the Coronavirus pandemic, once again rises the concern about oil countries future if oil diminishes. This paper uses a multi-country general equilibrium model to project the effects of eliminating oil revenues. The model consists of 5 oil exporters (i.e., Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Kazakhstan and Russia), 25 non-oil exporting countries, and the rest of the world. The oil income is modeled as a capital flow, which allows a surplus in capital account for the oil exporters and balances the current account deficits. The results show that, when oil revenue diminishes, relative GDPs, welfares, aggregate price indexes and manufacturing price indexes reduce; though, manufacturing share increases in all of the 5 oil countries. Specifically, Iran`s GDP falls by 15 percent (relative to the world) and the real welfare falls by 13 percent. Our results projects and quantifies the very difficult economic condition arises by oil income elimination.

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This study deals with the philosophical-economic analysis of the factors of taxpayers' non-compliance. Despite the wide variety of theories about the factors affecting tax compliance, tax ethics, and tax evasion, individuals' perceptions of whether or not tax compliance is moral can be examined philosophically and economically. Some researchers do not consider tax evasion to be ethical under any circumstances, while some scholars in the fields of economics and philosophy do not consider tax evasion under certain conditions immoral. This study first uses the library method to analyze the existing factors and arguments for non-compliance of taxpayers, then, using the elite questionnaires, we examine and rank the impact of each of these factors on taxpayer's non-compliance. The results show that the two factors of "government corruption or demonic thinking of the people about the government" and "government service" are known as the most effective arguments and factors of non-compliance.

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The purpose of this article is considering the macroeconomic variables affecting on financial burden of Iranian pension funds, which these variables are unemployment rate, inflation rate, stock exchange return rate, economic growth rate and real exchange rate. For this purpose, quarterly data for the period 1384 to 1398 and non-linear transfer regression model(STR) have been used. The results of model estimation showed that the variables of economic growth, stock exchange return and real exchange rate have negative effects on the financial burden of pension funds for government budget in both low and high regimes (inflation ≤15%) and (inflation ≥15%). Also, in a low-inflation regime, rising inflation had more short-term inflationary effects on the financial burden of pension funds .In addition, the sum of the coefficients of the unemployment rate and its intermittent values were positive in the first regime and negative in the second regime, so that, in the first regime an increase in the unemployment rate had severe short-term inflationary effects on The financial burden has been on pension funds for the government budget. Based on the obtained results, reforming the country's pension regulations and paying attention to actuarial calculations, reviewing restrictive laws in the field of pension fund investment, settlement of claims of them by the government and also the existence of a regulatory body for these funds were presented.

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Abstract
For more than a decade now, Various efforts have been put in place by various governments of developing economies to promote economic growth. The impact of financial development and Trade liberalization on economic growth in the developing economies has been a subject of much debates and controversies. The contradictions in literature on the subject matter shows that these relationships is still an unsettled matter. The purpose of this paper is to empirically investigate the impact of financial development and trade liberalization on economic growth in upper middle income developing countries using annual time series data between 2000 and 2017. Furthermore, Due to multi-faceted and broad concept of financial development, We took a novel approach and created a Composite financial development index based on three dimensions: depth, access, and efficiency of financial institutions and markets.
The results of this study, using two step system generalized method of moments (SYS-GMM), Show the positive and significant effects of financial development on economic growth. We also found that trade liberalization has a positive and significant impact on economic growth in countries studied in this paper, both in term of increasing trade volume and reducing tariff and non-tariff barriers. Finally, the results illustrate that the good performance of the financial system reinforces the effect of trade liberalization and vice versa. As to study finding, the implementation of trade openness enhancement policies as well as the policies that result in the deepening and increasing the efficiency of financial sector and thus developing this sector, can be the factor for economic growth.
 

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The soundness and validity of banks are one of the important subjects that neglecting them could have been leaded to adverse consequences for every countrychr('39')s economy. Therefore, investigation of relationship between efficiency and camel composite as a measurement of banking soundness and validity, within 16 Iranian bank data, between the years 1389 to 1396, has been studied. Efficiency has been estimated by the Translog cost function and stochastic frontier analysis, which its result shows an aggregate ascending trend. Camel composite which its calculation depends on arithmetic mean, is computed by exploratory factor analysis; exploring two factors, which is called financial ability and financial performance, is the result. For studding of variables relation, a panel data model and an auto regressive panel vector model have been used. The main result shows a positive financial ability and financial performance and significant relationship with efficiency; another result shows one side causality between financial performance and efficiency.

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This study evaluates the effect of the approval of Maku Free Trade-Industrial Zone on the development of counties located in this region. For this purpose, the development index of the counties has been calculated based on 22 variables and the TOPSIS method for 2011 and 2016. The results indicated that the development convergence hypothesis between the counties is not confirmed. Also, the approval of Maku Free Trade-Industrial Zone has increased the difference (positive difference) in the level of development of Maku county from the average development of the counties of West Azerbaijan province. For Showt county, despite the improvement in the development rank, the difference (negative difference) has increased from the average development of the counties of West Azerbaijan province. For Poldasht county, while the rank deteriorates, difference (negative difference) from the average development of the counties of West Azerbaijan province has also increased. In summary of the results, it can be argued that the approval of Maku Free Trade-Industrial Zone has not made a significant change in this zone in terms of development.
 

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The present study examines the relationship between inflation and exchange rate jumps, taking into account the index of the central bank's intervention degree and using Dornbush launch model and using Star's soft logistic transfer model (LSTR) for the period from 1986 to 2020. The estimation results of the linear part of the model (the first regime) and the nonlinear part of the model (the second regime) show that the variables of oil price, exchange rate jump, degree of central bank intervention and money volume have a positive relationship with inflation in Iran's economy, which with the transition from the linear regime Non-linearly, the speed of transmission and the effect of variables have increased. So that for one unit increase in oil price and exchange rate jump, the inflation rate has increased by 5 units and 21 units respectively. In other words, the increase in oil revenues has led to an increase in inflation in the country. Also, the value of the estimated threshold limit for the variable of currency jump transmission was equal to 0.13. By comparing the coefficients of the model in two different regimes, it can be seen that when the growth of the exchange rate exceeds the threshold (0.13), the reaction of the monetary authorities to the changes of this variable has greatly increased, so that the higher the growth of the exchange rate, Policymakers have tried to control the growth of the exchange rate and prevent its increase by reacting more to it. Also, the average amount of central bank intervention shows that the central bank intervention policy has not played an effective role in neutralizing the pressure of the currency market. The reason for this is that in Iran's single-product economy; it is the main supplier of government currency. The central bank is also responsible for financing the government budget. Therefore, foreign exchange intervention in the market is mainly done in order to provide Rial resources to the government budget.