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Financial crisis and its contagion to real sector of economy can be seen as a good space to evaluate Islamic bank's performance compared with conventional bank. In this paper, we continue this line to study how financial and economic crisis affect the cost efficiency of Islamic and conventional banks. Our sample contains Jordan, United Arab Emirates, Indonesia, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Palestine, Qatar, Kuwait, Malaysia and Egypt. Findings show that average cost efficiency of Islamic banks is the same as conventional banks in financial crisis. But when we consider conventional bank’s access to government’s special support, this finding can be translate to better performance of Islamic banks. On the contrary, in economic crisis, conventional banks have higher efficiency and better performance than Islamic banks. This finding can show that Islamic banking have to improve its ability to manage risks in real markets

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In this study, with employing a combination of Index Decomposition Analysis and Production-Theoretical Decomposition Analysis approach, based on multiplicative approach analysis and period-wise and chain-link analysis, we evaluate the influential factors on energy intensity in the period 2006-2012. In this regards, we calculate the indexes of structural effect, activity effect, intensity effect, technological changes, changes in technical performance, and the substitution rate of the labor force and capital with energy for the Iranian economic sectors included industry, transportation, and agriculture. Furthermore, we consider these indices for consumption of the different type of energy like crude oil, petroleum products, natural gas, and electricity. The results of this study show that energy intensity in all three economic sectors increased during the period. Based on economic sector's data, substitution of the labor force with energy is the most important determinant of total change in energy intensity. However, if in addition to economic sector's data, we use energy consumption data, production effect is the most important factor. The substitution of the labor force with energy is the most important factor affecting the sectoral energy intensity. Changes in technical efficiency during this period show that total energy consumption decreased and has the lowest share in total consumption growth and energy intensity. Also, the results show that comparing based on chain-link analysis has more realistic and reliable results for policymakers.
 
 

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This study aims to investigate the factors affecting multidimensional poverty, as a complicated socioeconomic problem in Iran. To overcome some problems and limitations which the previous studies encountered them, we used a multilevel model to analyze individual and macro level factors simultaneously. First, we explain the Alkire-Foster model of measuring multidimensional poverty in detail and measured this index in Iran and all its 31 provinces during 2005-2015. Then we use 7 variables in individual level (Household size, education level of head of households, education level of the head’s spouse, sex, age and marital status of the head and  independence degree of households members) and 10 variables in the province (GDP, per capita value added of education sector, per capita value added of health sector, per capita value added of social security sector, unemployment rate, inflation rate, per capita government expenditures, per capita government investment, per capita tax and degree of urbanization) to analyze the factors affecting multidimensional poverty. The results show that both individual and macro level factors affect the multidimensional poverty index. By comparing the estimated coefficients, among the individual level factors, education level of head of household, independence degree of household’s members and household size are the most affecting variables and in the macro level factors, the inflation rate is the most important variable.
 
 

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Health Inequality Can be defined as Differences Variations and Disparities in Achieving Health across a Group of People. These Disparities have become a Major and Main Public Health Concern and Most Countries Seek to reduce this Desperation by Putting in Place Policies. Policies and Interventions Which Directly Address the Social and Economic Factor that Drive Health Inequalities are Likely to be Most Effective in Reducing Health Inequality. It is Here That Identifying the Factors affecting this Inequality Becomes Important. The Study Aimed to Determine Factors Associated with Health Inequality. For Achieving the Purpose, Panel Data Regression Technique for 31 Iran Provinces from 2009_2018 was used. The Health Inequality Index Was Measured Using Gini Coefficient. The Results of This Study Show that the Coefficient of Health Inflation, Income Inequality, Education and Unemployment is Positive and Is Statistically Significant. Also, Income, Insurance, and Government Construction Budget Helps Reduce the Health Inequality in Regression.

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Reducing the consumption of goods harmful to human health is one of the government’s policies goals all around the world. One of the control tools in order to reduce the consumption of these goods is to increase their consumption tax rate in order to increase prices resulting less consumption and provide the required financial resources for culturalization, education and consumption control in the society. The purpose of this article is to estimate the optimal taxation rate on the consumption of goods harmful to health in a way that despite increased tax revenues, it would have the least disruptive effects on the household’s welfare. For this purpose, using the almost ideal quadratic demand system based on non-linear seemingly unrelated regressions and the household’s data for 1390 to 1398, the demand for health-damaging goods, has been estimated and relevant price elasticities are calculated. Then, based on the compensating variation as a welfare measure by micro-data (for each sample household) and in various income scenarios, the optimal tax rates have been estimated and analyzed for year 1398, using nonlinear optimization methods. Based on the results and considering that implementing a same tax rate for all good groups are easier and more practical, a tax rate of 31% (including VAT and duties of article 48 of the Law on Accession Some Articles to the Regulatory for Part of Government Financial Regulations Act, 1393) is suggested to apply for all good groups. In this situation, the average welfare reduction for each household is close to 2310 thousand Rials and the amount of tax revenues would be 68,595 billion Rials, based on the information of year 1398. This tax revenue is more than 4 times of the budget law performance in this year.

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In recent centuries, many natural disasters such as floods and droughts have appeared and have had many adverse effects on many countries. Natural disaster is one of the major environmental challenges in the world and has serious socioeconomic consequences in countries. Evidence points to the fact that these natural disasters have a significant negative impact on crop yield, food security, there is a need to conduct micro-level studies that help generate empirically evidence on the effect of such disasters on the indicators of households demand in developing countries. Iran is one of the most disaster-prone regions in the world. Natural disasters frequently impact it and cause devastating damage. Depending on their intensity and duration, these disasters can impact consumer demand. Therefore, this study examines the effects of floods on food and non-food demand in Iran from 2019 to 2020. For this purpose, ‌the EASI demand system model was used to analyze. The data were obtained from the Statistical Center of  Iran and covered urban and rural households in five provinces of Fars, Khuzestan, Mazandaran, Lorestan, and Golestan. The results show that households who experience the shock of floods reduce food, energy, and hotel and restaurant demand while increasing transportation, home appliance, and health demand.