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This study is an attempt to apply a static Computable General Equilibrium model based on Iranian Social Accounting Matrix of 1380 in order to investigate the impact of 20 percent increase in Government expenditures under floating and fixed exchange rate regimes, on macro variables in the agricultural sector and Iranian economy as a whole. The parameters of the model are obtained using Calibration method. The model contained two sectors including the agriculture and non-agriculture. The results show that the increased Government expenditures would influence variables of agricultural sector and the macro Iranian economy undesirably, and this would be more serious under the fixed exchange rate regime as compared to the floating regime. It was also revealed that the increment in Government expenditures affects agricultural and rural sectors more in an unpleasant manner than the non-agricultural and urban sectors.

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The major goal of this article is to study the impacts of each component of the public budget expenditures on the trend of economic growth in Iran during a period from 1357 to 1383 (Hijri Shamsi). This survey has been accomplished within Barro's Growth Model and by utilizing instruments from Econometrics and designing system of simultaneous equations. The outcomes of this survey show that the total public budget expenditures had positive and significant impact on economic growth of Iran, while separating these expenditures into current and capital expenditures shows the negative impact of current expenditures demonstrates and positive impacts of capital expenditures on economic growth. Furthermore, concerning the expenditures of quadruplet affairs (economic, social, public and defensive), the outcomes indicate that when the expenditures of economic and public affairs had positive impacts on economic growth, the expenditures of defensive and social affairs had negative impacts on this trend in the country. Also, the subtitles related to these quadruplet affairs had different impacts, from the view of their sign and size, on economic growth in Iran.

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In this study a static Computable General Equilibrium model based on Iranian Social Accounting Matrix of 1380 was applied to investigate the impact of 20 and 50 percent increase in Government expenditures under floating exchange rate regimes on poverty indices. The impact of increased Government expenditure on poverty indices was performed by analyzing its impact on household’s consumption and prices. The results revealed that based on the consumption changes, increased Government expenditures increases poverty throughout urban households, while regarding the price changes, increments of Government expenditure will reduce poverty indices. In the case of rural households, based on both of consumption and price changes approaches, increases in Government expenditures would result in reduced poverty indices. However regarding the level of incremental expenditures, changes in poverty indices are not considerable.

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The purpose of the present article is to investigate the impact of fiscal corruption on government tax revenues and government expenditure in selected developing countries. To do so, by using from panel data method and statistical information of years (2000-2007) for 31 developing countries, the impact of fiscal corruption and other independent variables on government tax revenue and government expenditure have been investigated. The results show that, following the increase in fiscal corruption reduce government tax revenue relative share of gross domestic product. That means a negative impact on government tax revenues, the results also indicate that because of increase in corruption index (reduced levels of corruption), government expenditure increases as a percentage of gross domestic product.

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This study analyzes the impacts of various types of government expenditures on rural poverty in Iran, by using a system of equations including variables affecting on rural poverty such as agriculture labor productivity, employment in rural area, rural-urban migration and access to economic infrastructures and social (electricity, water, telephone) (education attainment, and health) infrastructures and time series data (1984-2009). The results reveal that different types of public Expenditures have various effects on poverty in rural areas. Public investments on water, health and road have the most positive impacts on rural poverty reduction. Government expenditures on water, agricultural R&D, education, health and road improve agricultural productivity growth. Public Expenditures on developing education infrastructures, health and transportation increased employment rate in rural area. Expenditures on water, health and road led to reduce rural-urban immigrate.

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This paper analyzes public spending changes in the Iranian economy during the period 1360-1390 using the standard median voter model in which the median voter has fiscal illusion. In this regard, Autoregressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) model and multivariate cointegration methods have been used in order to test the median voter theorem. The results from estimated models indicate that public expenditure, oil revenues and share of taxes in government revenues cointegrated together and there is a long run equilibrium relationship among them. Also increasing share of taxes in government revenues doesn't have any effect on public expenditures because public expenditures considerably depend on oil revenues. Thus, tax payers have illusion fiscal. These findings show that in order to increase the efficiency of public sector in Iran, the dependence of budget to oil revenues should decrease and the share of tax revenues in government revenues should increase.

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Output and welfare are among the most important economic indicators used in the assessment of economic performance. One of the reasons is that these variables have broad interactions with other variables. For this purpose, a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model is designed for the Iranian economy. In this research, after design, linearize and calculating the model coefficient, the impulse response function is used to evaluate effects of consumption expenditures and government capital shock, as well as oil revenues and monetary impulse. The comparing the variables' moments with the realized data show the relative success of the model in the simulation of economic variables such as production data, inflation, and consumption. The results show that the positive shock on consumption expenditures and government investment increase the production and reduce the consumption in the Iranian economy. Also, this process is accompanied by a crowding out effect.  An oil revenue's shock leads to increase inflation by increasing the liquidity variable. In other sides, its positive effect on production rapidly vanishes, and the production trend returns to its equilibrium value. However, inflationary effects of oil revenue shock disappear later. Meanwhile, the oil revenue's shock increases the consumption and investment of the private sector. In addition, regarding the effect of financial policies on welfare, the results show that Lagrange's coefficient is equal to 34 if the current policies are going on, and the coefficient is equal 1.95 if the optimal policy is running. In other words, the adoption of optimal policies in government spending can increase economic welfare.
 

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Abstract:
In this paper, the effect of social capital on the efficiency of government expenditures has been studied in the two sectors of education and health during the period 1364-1396. social capital has been estimated by The Multiple Causes-Impact (MIMIC) approach, and efficiency of government expenditures in both education and health is estimated by the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Bootstrap data envelopment analysis approaches. The effect of social capital on the efficiency of government expenditures are measured by the regression model of the deficit probe in both education and health.
 The results of estimating social capital show that the trend of social capital is declining by the method of  Multiple Indicators and Multiple Causes during the study period. Also, the efficiency scores of government expenditures has been measured by Data Envelopment Analysis and Bootstrap Data Envelopment Analysis in Iran. The results show that on average, public spending is inefficient in education and health.
Findings of the fractional probit model show, the effect of social capital is positive and significant on the efficiency of government spending in both education and health. The effect of per capita income, economic growth, government size, inflation and trade openness is different on efficiency of government expenditures in education and health sectors.
 For example, the impact of economic growth­ is positive on the efficiency of government education and health spending. While the effect of government size is negative on the efficiency of government education and health spending.
 

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In recent decades, the relationship between economic growth and government spending has attracted the attention of many researchers to the point that it has led to many experimental studies in this field in developed and developing countries. The rising trend of government expenditure with high volatility in economic growth during the years after Islamic Revolution in Iran has created significant conditions that add to the need for a detailed study of this issue. This research is an attempt to study relation between the economic growth and government expenditure in Iran. In this regard, the empirical investigation of long-term and short-run relationships between the variables studied during the period 1969-2018 and using the nonlinear ARDL model in Iranian economy has been studied. The findings of this study showed that asymmetry was considered when examining the relationship between economic growth and government expenditures, so that the effect of negative and negative shocks of economic growth on government expenditures in the short and long run is asymmetrical. Results of the Granger's causality test showed that there is a one-way relationship from the side of economic growth to government expenditures, while this relationship is not in reversed. In other words, the results of this test confirm the Wagnerian approach and indicate that Keynesian law is not approved for the Iranian economy.