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One of the view washangton is financial development andliberalization development.for economic growth. economical s theory emphasizes the relationship between financial development and economic growth,but there is little research exploring how financial development influence income inequality The purpose of this paper examines relationship financial development- distribution of income in iran for years 1973-2006. using of modle Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDLE). income inequality is measured by Gini coefficient and financial development is measured by claims on private sector to GDP.The results indicat that financial development reduces income inequality.

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This paper analyzes the impacts of inequality in the intra- provincial’s level on economic growth, based on steady state growth model, during (2000-2007). The results indicate that physical capital, human capital, communication networks, openness of the economy, industrial structure, population growth rate, access to the sea, geographical boundaries as well as distance from the capital city are the main influential factors on the economic growth of the provinces. It also affirms the convergence among provinces.

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Eliminating of poverty and reducing of inequality are main functions of a government. Providing public services such as education, a government could change economic condition of its people and play important role in reducing poverty and inequality. This study evaluates the distribution of public spending in education sector in Iran in 2007. The benefit incidence analysis method is used in this research. In order to examine the hypothesis, concentration curve, income Lorenz curve and Gini and the Suits coefficients have been used. The results show that the distribution of primary level education spending is increasing. It means that the share of lower deciles is greater than top deciles of the population. In secondary & tertiary level, this distribution is decreasing, meaning that the upper deciles share of the education spending is greater than lower deciles. Overall, Distribution of public spending in education sector in Iran is decreasing. It is suggested to increase educational services accessibility for low income people all barriers should be identified and eliminated.

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This paper investigates the inequality of consumption expenditures caused by transference of income dispersion to consumption expenditures distribution. In order to calculate the rate of income inequality and consumption expenditures inequality the Lorenz ratio and the specific concentration‘s ratio have been used respectively. Iranian Households’ Income and expenditures data during 1966 - 2009 has been reviewed in this paper. In order to analyze the relationships between variables we have employed panel data methodology. The results of Panel Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (Panel ARDL) test show that there is a long-term relationship between income and consumption expenditures distribution. Estimations show that income inequality has significant impact on consumption expenditures distribution. The results also indicate that all of the fluctuations of income inequality do not transmit into the consumption expenditures distribution. So, consumption has a smoother behavior than income during the time. These results are in accordance with macroeconomics debate in consumption.

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The growth rate is an economic development measurement that a higher level of this rate shows that the country goes toward the higher level of facilities and capacity in the economy. In another side income distribution, indicators describe an economy in different aspect and show that how facilities distribute among the people. Therefore, investigation of the relationship between the economic growth and income distribution indicators is very vital to set economic targets and strategies for countries. So, several theories address to the relationship. In this research, based on Lee et al. (2013), we analyze the relationship between economic growth and income distribution for the Meddle East and North Africa (MENA) countries during 1994-2014. In this regard, we use Spatial Durbin Model. The results show economic growth has a positive and significant effect on income distribution, while the square of economic growth rate has a negative and significant effect on income distribution, which indicates Kuznets's hypothesis is not rejected in the studied countries. Additionally, human capital has a positive and significant effect on income distribution. However, accumulation of population increases the inequality of income. Also, results of the spatial dependence test show that there are spatial relationships between the model variables.
 

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The main objective of this study is to investigate the inequality in the distribution of per capita income among Iranian provinces using the spatial data analysis. To this end, per capita income data are collected for the period of 1997 to 2014 in two cases, including oil and excluding oil. Then, with using the Gini coefficient and Theil index, the amount of inequality in per capita income is calculated between the provinces of Iran. Moreover, Moran' I index, Moran scatter plot and LISA index is used to identify the spatial patterns in per capita income distribution among Iranian provinces. The results show that there is a high instability in the spatial pattern of per capita income distribution in Iran. Also, the inclusion of the oil sector in calculating per capita income affects on the conclusion and changes in inequality and the spatial pattern of inequality. The results also show that there is a spatial clustering phenomenon in per capita income of provinces in Iran. In addition, there is evidence of core-periphery patterns based on the distribution of per capita income in Iran.
 
 

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In this study, in order to assess and evaluate the role of the budget in the regional disparity of the country, the absolute beta and beta convergence of per capita income of the provinces of the country with the presence of allocation of government funds to the provinces variable's during the period from 1389 to 1393, with using panel spatial econometrics method. Based on the results, the slope of the absolute beta regression line is negative, small and statistically meaningless, therefore, the absolute beta assumption of per capita income in the provinces is rejected. The results show that the trend of standard deviation of real per capita income of Iranian provinces with increasing volatility during the research period is indicative of divergence of sigma. The results of the calculations show that the spatial dependency of per capita production and spillover effects in the provinces of the country are accepted. However, the beta conditional convergence in the spatial regression model with the presence of the total government budget allocations is not accepted. The results show that the total allocation of funds leads to a divergence and increased income gap between the provinces.
 

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Housing is one of the most important and most expensive assets of the human life. It is an expensive commodity that requires long-term planning to purchase it, so housing affordability in the household budget portfolio is one of the most important issues. In this paper, based on Zhang (2015) model and Matlack and Vigdor (2008) study and using a cross-sectional household income - expenditure microdata generated by the Iranian Statistics Center, we generate pseudo-panel data. We make cohorts by repeated cross sectional data and monitor family behavior for 25 years. This study was conducted for the period of 1991 to 2015 and includes seven metropolises: Tehran, Karaj, Mashhad, Isfahan, Tabriz, Shiraz and Ahwaz, which covers only urban areas. The target population studied in this study is those who were born between the years 1930-1989. The empirical results demonstrate that higher per capita income inequality of household within metropolises has a negative and significant effect on residual income (household non-housing expenses) and a positive and significant effect on the house price and rent. That is, higher income inequality is related to a lower residual income, higher rent-to-income ratio and higher housing-price-to-income ratio for low-income households.In particular, a rise in income inequalities, as increase in gap between high-income groups and low incomes, lead to a reduction in housing affordability of middle/low-income households, and the quality of use of these households is significantly reduced. The results also show that permanent income has a positive and significant effect on housing affordability, and higher permanent income leads to increase in residual income.
 

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Abstract
One of the major problems of developing governments, such as those of OPEC member states, is the government deficit and rising public debt. One of the reasons for this public debt is government policies faced with income inequalities. The opposite side said that the increased income inequality can lead to capital accumulation and thus increase production and tax payments and reduce government debt. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of income inequality on government debt at OPEC member countries are in the period 2010 to 2018. The method used is the threshold panel. The research results show that the relationship between income inequality and public debt at the OPEC member states is U-shaped and not linear. In other words, the effects of income inequality on public debt at OPEC member states are like the threshold.

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Health Inequality Can be defined as Differences Variations and Disparities in Achieving Health across a Group of People. These Disparities have become a Major and Main Public Health Concern and Most Countries Seek to reduce this Desperation by Putting in Place Policies. Policies and Interventions Which Directly Address the Social and Economic Factor that Drive Health Inequalities are Likely to be Most Effective in Reducing Health Inequality. It is Here That Identifying the Factors affecting this Inequality Becomes Important. The Study Aimed to Determine Factors Associated with Health Inequality. For Achieving the Purpose, Panel Data Regression Technique for 31 Iran Provinces from 2009_2018 was used. The Health Inequality Index Was Measured Using Gini Coefficient. The Results of This Study Show that the Coefficient of Health Inflation, Income Inequality, Education and Unemployment is Positive and Is Statistically Significant. Also, Income, Insurance, and Government Construction Budget Helps Reduce the Health Inequality in Regression.

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Economic and political factors can reduce inequality or can gradually diminish households' consumption and increase inequality. Considering the significant difference in the political environment and economic policies in the First and Second plans, the income inequality was not the same in these two periods. This research compares the impact of economic and political factors on income inequality in the First and Second development plans using two quantitative and descriptive models. The quantitative model used the ARDL and time series data of 1984-2020. This model uses the variables such as government debt growth to banking sector, liquidity growth, short-term external debt growth, labor productivity, corruption index and the dummy variable for the first and second plans. In the qualitative model, the most important economic policies and political factors affecting income inequality, which directly or indirectly affect through different channels, are analyzed in two plans. The results of both qualitative and quantitative models show that the income inequality has a negative relationship with liquidity growth and labor productivity; meanwhile the income inequality has a positive ‎relationship with government debt growth to the the banking sector, liquidity growth with a lag, short-term external debt and corruption.

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One of the fundamental problems of countries is poverty and economic inequality. Income distribution in economics plays an important role in analyzing these inequalities. Investigating economic inequalities in the country's provinces is of great importance from the perspective of regional planning. The main purpose of this article is to conduct statistical studies on income inequality indicators in the country's provinces. This research has been conducted in a descriptive and analytical manner. The data used were extracted from the urban and rural household income and expenditure survey in 2019 and 2020. In order to rank the provinces, the data was analyzed separately for urban and rural areas and the results were presented in a comparative manner. The results of this study show that provinces such as Sistan and Baluchestan, North Khorasan, Kerman, and South Khorasan have a low rank in terms of average income and expenditure, which in a way reflects the deprivations in these provinces of income-generating and job opportunities. In contrast, the provinces of Tehran, Alborz, Mazandaran, and Bushehr are known as the provinces with the highest income and expenditure in the country. Based on the results obtained, suggestions have been made for policymakers to develop special development programs to reduce economic inequalities in deprived provinces.