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The low self-sufficiency coefficient of securing vegetable oil in Iran and the massive foreign exchange required for imports of raw oil and oil cake are regarded as one of the main problems in Iranian national economy. By recognizing appropriate regions for cultivating oil seeds and with a proper planning, this coefficient could be improved and the impact of the related adverse problems may be declined. Comparative advantage indices are regarded as the most important applied indices in order to recognize the appropriate regions and their ranking in the production of agricultural products. In this paper, for ranking provinces to produce oil seeds (oil sunflower, cotton seed, soya and colza), the Efficiency Advantage Index (EAI), Scale Advantage Indices (SAI) and the geometric mean of these indices in 1382 has been used. These indices are physical indices of the comparative advantage and are based on performance share and the percentage of the products in the province relative to the whole country. Regarding the obtained results of the calculated indices, the most appropriate provinces are as follow: Northern Khorasan and Ardebil for cotton seed, Golestan and Markazi for oil sunflower and Ardebil for colza and soya.

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According to economic theories, the firms' growth and development would result from higher output using a fixed amount of input, or fixed output resulting from lower levels of inputs which are examples of efficiencies and productivities. This paper, after a brief review of the basics of theoretical foundations of measuring efficiency and defining and analyzing the efficiency based on the microeconomic concept of production, attempts at measuring efficiency in the banking industry. The scope of this paper consists of the followings: two approaches to production and intermediaries in the definition of banking efficiency, three different levels of decision–making regarding the assumptions used in measuring the efficiency, the mathematical form of the four linear programming models specified for measuring the efficiency of the state-owned banking system in Isfahan province using cross section data of 1382, the identification of the efficient and non-efficient banks, remedies to improve the input and output, and finally suggestions for improving the levels of efficiencies in the banking industry. The results show that in the year 1382, four banks, i.e., Bank Melli, Bank Maskan, Bank Refah and Bank for Export Promotion can be classified as efficient banks whereas five banks, i.e., Bank Saderat, Bank Mellat, Bank Sepah, Bank Tejarat, and Bank Keshavarzi are identified as inefficient. With the assumption of constant return to scale of 0.857 and with the assumption of variable return to scale of 0.979 and input minimization with respect to pure technical or managerial efficiencies of 0.979, and the scale efficiency of 0.867 and using the assumption of maximizing the output, the average efficiency are 0.983 and 0.865, respectively.

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Concentration is one of the important elements of market structure that deals with the distribution of market power. Geographical concentration is considered as one of the concentration dimensions that focuses on the pattern of the division of market power among different regions and evaluates the homogeneity and heterogeneity of distribution of activities among different regions. This type of evaluation could be helpful in understanding how are the industry structure and industrial policy and that the distribution of the various activities in the different regions, Therefore can it guide the policy makers. The, by purpose of this study is to measure geographic concentration of industries using the EG index for the year 2006 in Iran. And also to investigate the reasons have caused this kind of concentration. The results show that for more than half of the Iranian industries, there is severe geographical concentration. The highest geographical concentration belongs to the data processing and office machineries industry, in the order of 51%. The lowest is for food production and rubber products industries with the rate of 0/009 and 0/005 percent respectively. Natural advantages, access to raw material, transportation costs, as well as market access and spillover effects between industries could be mentioned as the most important reasons to create geographic concentration of industries in Iran.

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Various economic studies have shown that Minimum Efficient Scale (MES) varies in different industries and therefore economic firms enter in industries with different sizes. Nevertheless, firms attempt to reach the MES of the industry in a reasonable time to survive in an industry. From different point of view, the reasonable time can be evaluated with speed of adjustment. In fact, there is a significant relationship between the time and the speed of adjustment. Accordingly, this paper attempts to determine the speed of firm size adjustment in Iranian manufacturing industries at 4-digit ISIC code industry levels. Investigating the effect of various factors on the speed of adjustment is another goal of this paper. In this study, Comanor-Wilson method based on employment criteria is used for the estimation of MES. Using cross-sectional regression technique over three years, the coefficients of industry structure, technology levels and distance to MES at the time of entry is estimated on geometric mean of . The results of this study show that in contrast to the expectation, firms that are far away from MES, adjust themselves with slower speed. From policy point of view, the finding points to inability of Iranian manufacturing industries’ firms in achieving an appropriate speed of adjustment at the time of entry. Therefore, supportive policies are necessary for survival of new entrance firms during infancy.

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In all countries, banks have been played a major role in financing and providing financial services in the economy by granting loans and accepting deposits . Therefore the bank’s efficiency is one of the most important issues in an economy that interests much attention. In some cases , mergers are common methods to increase the efficiency financial institutions and it is one of the ways of restructuring banking and financial institutions as well.  The purpose of this paper is to investigate economies of scale after taking place of the merger in Iran. For this purpose, by using data sheets, bank merger of Melat Bank and Tejarat Bank that have the most assets between the Iranian banks has been simulated in duration 1382-1391.By using the Tranclog cost function and SUR method, effect of the economies of scale and closing branches were investigated on reducing costs of banks that were merged hypothetically. The results show that the economies of scale is an important reason of reducing the cost after taking place of the merger but closing branches of target bank post merger will not lead to reduction in costs.

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In this research, the impact of scale economies and product variety on the foreign trade of Iran's manufacturing industries with its major trading partners is examined. While using the data of Iran's manufacturing sector at two digit level, a translog production function was used to evaluate the economies of scale in this sector. The data covered the period between 2001 to 2015. Moreover, Feenstra variety index is exploited to measure product variety in the export products of Iran's industrial sector. While using iterative seemingly unrelated method to estimate  the economies of scale, a dynamic panel data via GMM method was used to estimate the standarad trade model. The results show that economies of scale and product variety have positive impact on the foreign trade of Iran's manufacturing industries. To study the causality relationship between the variables of economies of scale and product variety with foreign trade, the Hsiao’s Granger causality test is utilized. The Findings of this research confirm the existence of a two-way causality relationship between economies of scale and product variety with foreign trade of Iran's manufacturing industries.

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The main goal of this research is to evaluate and analyze the condition of economies of scale in Iran's manufacturing sector and examine its developments using the econometric methodology with the Translog cost function approach.The findings of this research show that Iran's industries have not yet used the benefits of their economies of scale during the past two decades, and from this point of view, they still have small scales. The ratio of added value to the number of enterprises and the ratio of real investment to the number of enterprises as indicators of the scale of production in the 1390s compared to the 1380s has become smaller. In other words, the scale of production in Iran's manufacturing sector has decreased during the last decade, and this is a confirmation of a long-term stagnation in Iran's industrial sector. Also, the results of the investigation at the level of two-digit ISIC codes also shows that the industries of food products, production of tobacco and tobacco products, production of clothing, production of leather and related products, production of other means of transportation, and production of furniture in They have moved to reduce the scale. On the other hand, the industries of production of various types of beverages, production of paper and paper products, printing and reproduction of recorded media, production of chemicals and chemical products, and production of drugs and chemical and herbal medicinal products have clearly moved towards increasing scales. The most important policy recommendation of this study is predicting the price and access to raw materials, access to financial resources, reforming the ownership and management structure of large industrial companies by moving towards the private sector and especially market development for domestic industrial products and the possibility of accessing markets. The external goal is to increase industrial exports along with increasing competitiveness in global markets