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Regarding Government's revenues, oil and oil income are very important factors for oil export countries such as Iran. Since oil prices are determined in the world markets, it is one of the factors for economic instability and in particular for financing private investment. These effects will be more effective in the presence of oil shocks. This paper attempts to determine the direction and the intensity of oil shocks using on econometric model and it's effects on private investment in Iranian economy during 1959-2002. The results of empirical studies imply that in the case of positive oil shocks, i.e. price increase of more than 25 percent, the effect would be positive and in the case of negative oil shocks, i.e. price increase of less than 25 percent, the effects would be negative. In other words, oil shocks on private investment have different effects on private investment.

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Over the last decades the most important problem in developing countries was the rate of economic growth. This has led to more attention to the development strategies, In this regard, policy makers and economists showed more interests in downgrading the size of Governments towards improving the performance of markets as well as better resource allocations. This paper attempts to examine the private sector and its activities as a topical issue in Iranian economy. The aims and basics of the 44th Principle of the Constitution are then analyzed. Regarding the 44th Principle of the Constitution and the Supreme Leader's command on accelerating the privatization process in different economic sectors and along with the objectives of the Fourth Development Plan and the Country’s 20-year Vision, it is expected that the Government will take serious measures towards flourishing Iranian economy with emphasis on increasing economic growth, reducing the unemployment rate and preventing the extra expenses.

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In neoclassical theory, competition is a statement about the structure of market and defined in terms of state of equilibrium as well as the number of firms and their similarities. Critics of neoclassical view argue that competition is a succession of events, a dynamic process of change and innovation, a voyage of exploration into the unknown in which successively superior products and production methods are introduced. Unlike neoclassic writers, critics has emphasized on behavioral heterogeneity and differences between firms. They believe, to attain competitive advantage, firms must able to change their characteristics and offer differentiated products. In this paper we begin with a review of some competing view of competition and go on to develop an evolutionary approach to competition. The condition of competition in Iranian manufacturing sector is further investigated. Our findings indicate that competition is absent within industries and only take place between industries. This is the inevitable result of the prevalent allocation of resources in Iranian economy.

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The main purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between financial development and economic growth, by using new variables such as domestic credit provided by banking sector, domestic credit to the private sector, broadest definition of money, gross domestic saving and also government expenditure and trade. The 2 latest variables represent real sector of economy, and inflation, during 1967-2007. The estimate of long run relationships between variables shows negative relationship between growth and financial development. However, short run relationship between growth and financial development have been done by Granger causality block erogeneity test that findings show domestic credit provided by banking sector doesn’t entails causality Granger of growth. Finally, the relationship between growth and domestic credit to the private sector is the two way causality.

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In this paper, we have studied the effects of financial shocks arising from increased government subsidies on real consumption of private sector in Iran, by using Auto - Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL). Results of the estimated models show that long-term and short-term relationships can be seen between real consumption of private sector and subsidy shocks. According to the research results, under the stag- flation situation which is currently prevailed in Iran’s economy, creating a negative subsidy shock certainly reduces real private sector consumption in the short run. But, given the relatively high adjustment speed obtained from the model, there is a hope that the situation gets resolved in the medium term. Also the effects of these shocks on real private consumption will come close to the status of balance in the long-term.

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In this paper, a systematic model is used to estimate the effect of gradual elimination of subsidies, on VAT income. Reduction of subsidies influences consumption through raising prices as VAT is consumption based tax. In this paper, we use 3SLS model to find the inter relationships of subsidies with consumption and CPI during 1973-2008. Ultimately, the income gains of VAT during the coming years have be forecasted. The result of our study indicates that private sector's demand will increase following an initial reduction and a shift in constant value of demand curve. It means a change in consumption behavior model. On the other hand, we expect drastic rise in prices in 2010-2011 between 19-36 percent. We expect a gradual rise in VAT in coming years.

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Presence of government in economy, particularly after Great Depression in the 1930s, following Keynes theory, has had different consequences for the economy. The governments, using appropriate fiscal instruments, have made considerable contribution to capital formation, economic growth, economic stability, employment, equality and proper allocation and mobilization of resources. On the other hand, inappropriate interventions of governments in economy can cause some undesirable results such as corruption, reduction in private investment, rent seeking and so on. Therefore, the volume of government activities has been a matter of interest to experts and economists in recent decades. Making investments, as an integral component of aggregate demand and a pillar of economic development, has been affected by the activities of the public sector. This paper examines the relationship between government expenditures and private investments in construction sector for the time period (1970-2007). The main difference between this study and other researches in this field, in the country, is the attention given to the mode of financing costs in the model. The long term coefficients represent that capital expenditures on machinery and construction have crowding-in and crowding-out effects, respectively, on private investment in construction sector. Capital expenditures on machinery are more effective, if financed by tax revenues, while capital spending on construction is more effective when the non-tax sources are provided. The government expenditure has crowding-in effect when financed by tax, while the expenditure does not have significant effect when financed by non-tax resources.

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Presence of government in economy, particularly after Great Depression in the 1930s, following Keynes theory, has had different consequences for the economy. The governments, using appropriate fiscal instruments, have made considerable contribution to capital formation, economic growth, economic stability, employment, equality and proper allocation and mobilization of resources. On the other hand, inappropriate interventions of governments in economy can cause some undesirable results such as corruption, reduction in private investment, rent seeking and so on. Therefore, the volume of government activities has been a matter of interest to experts and economists in recent decades. Making investments, as an integral component of aggregate demand and a pillar of economic development, has been affected by the activities of the public sector. This paper examines the relationship between government expenditures and private investments in construction sector for the time period (1970-2007). The main difference between this study and other researches in this field, in the country, is the attention given to the mode of financing costs in the model. The long term coefficients represent that capital expenditures on machinery and construction have crowding-in and crowding-out effects, respectively, on private investment in construction sector. Capital expenditures on machinery are more effective, if financed by tax revenues, while capital spending on construction is more effective when the non-tax sources are provided. The government expenditure has crowding-in effect when financed by tax, while the expenditure does not have significant effect when financed by non-tax resources.

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The effect of government spending on private consumption, as the largest and the most stable component of aggregate demand always has been preoccupying many economists. In this article, using the elasticity of substitution concept, we investigate the substitutability of government spending for private consumption in 48 OIC countries. We use the Pesaran’s CD test for investigating the cross-section dependency in the data. Then the stationary of variables confirmed by IPS and CIPS tests and the regression equations estimate by CUP-FM estimator. According to the estimation results, the substitutability between government spending and household consumption was confirmed for OIC countries. In addition, the results of estimating tell that in case of countries with larger governments the degree of substitutability between government spending and private consumption is greater.

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The purpose of this research is investigation of the privatization process effect on productivity indexes of Listed Companies in Tehran Stock Exchange. Productivity indexes in this research are capital productivity and employee productivity. Sample of research is 42 firms listed in Tehran stock exchange that using the pooled data system and ordinary least square regressions (OLS) model, have been analyzed for the period of 2003-2010. The results show that capital productivity and employee productivity relinquished companies have been promoted after privatization and the amount of privatization have significant positive relation with the capital and employee productivity.

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This research has characterized to analyze private banking situation. New phenomenon in our country's banking economy has been studied with pathological approach, after reviewing literature and theoretical background. This paper is applicable from the aspect of purpose and is descriptive-survey from the aspect of identity. In order to collect required data, interview and open questionnaire methods have been applied. Statistical population includes banking managers and active experts in this scope. In order to analyze data, qualitative methodology and Delphi technique have been used. In this process, Affinity Diagram approach is also utilized. Regarding the results, 27 cases of barriers of private banking development identified and classified into 3 classes named executive-structured, perceptual-cognitive and unwillingness barriers. It is necessary to mention that five factors including governmental banking, shortage of facilities, financial resource shortages, human resource shortages, lack of comprehensive talent identification system and economic instability are identified as the main barriers.

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Different researches have shown that energy intensity changes have inverse relation to energy costs and also technological levels can decrease energy intensity. In the present research, using panel data method we investigate the key factors contribute to energy intensity improvement in all active industries in Tehran stock exchange that provided all the data need for this research during 2006-2011. The results suggest that intensity variance of fixed assets work labor, capital and raw material and price of these factors have greater importance in comparison to level of these variances in energy intensity improvement in different industries of the country. Based on meaningfulness of variance index of fixed assets ( showing R &D share for decreasing energy intensity index), the results show that the improvement of Research and Development status has decreased the share of energy in manufacturing in different industries. Results also show that relation of energy factor and other factors in many industries is replacement one. Therefore in this industry, increasing price of energy through the changing relative price of factors leads to replacement of other factors to energy and improvement of energy intensity.

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Value Added Tax (VAT) which its Act has been approved and executed during the last few years for some firms in Iran, is one of the forms of indirect-taxes known and has implications for economic indices including employment. Since considering positive and negative implications of any new policy is requisite for gaining more success in executing that policy, it is necessary to investigate VAT law performance in different countries. This study aims to investigate the relation between VAT execution and employment. The method used is dynamic panel data (OGMM) and the statistic sample covers 27 countries including 11 non-OECD and 16 OECD countries. Results show that the impact of VAT law execution on employment is 0.089 in non-OECD and 0.04 in OECD countries. Therefore the impact in the two groups of countries is both positive and statistically significant. It is also concluded that other forms of taxation have impacts of -0.014 and -0.029 for non-OECD and OECD countries respectively. So it could be said that VAT has a positive impact on employment while other forms of taxation result in decreasing it.

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In this study, we try to survey challenges, difficulties, and main factors influencing on investment in the industrial estate in Qom. For this purpose, investment obstacles and challenges are introduced in primary and secondary hypothesis by using former studies and experts’ remarks.First, we examine reliability and validity of the questionnaire by using Cronbach’s alpha test. Then, we select a sample, including 88 cases, which are more trustworthy. This research uses different tools of descriptive statistics such as frequency distribution tables, means, and standard deviation in order to compare collected information. We also use SPSS software. Moreover, Kolmogorov test is used to the normality of variables. Univariate t student test is used to determine the significant difference between estimated and actual means. Friedman test is used to rank the variables.The results show that factor such as government investment, raw material, project finance, the capital rate of return, foreign factors, Industrial Estates companies, and Households are considered as investment barriers. However, factors such as international trade, lack of labor force, lack of modern technology, the existence of alternative opportunities, and geographical location cannot be considered as investment barriers.

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According to the growth literature, dozens of factors affect the growth and its process. The multiplicity of determinants of growth has caused uncertainty in the modeling and impeded consensus among the researchers. In the growth econometric theory, the theory and the chosen region dictate the effect of several specific factors. This paper has studied conventional approaches and Bayesian methods and compares these the way in which they work efficiently in determining the most effective determinants of economic growth in the Islamic cooperative countries. Therefore, Bayesian Model Averaging, Bayesian Maximum Likelihood, Fixed effects, Random effects and GMM in panel data have been used and the results have been compared. Due to differences in the economic structure of these countries, with other countries, in some area like industrialization and diversity of exports and social features, the capabilities of Bayesian approaches and conventional methods, were compared in the identification of growth factors and in this order we used data related to the Organization of Islamic cooperation countries during the period 1975-2015. According to the results, in a Bayesian space, and in the BMA approach, factors like saving rates, the credit of private sector, foreign direct investment, and exchange rate have put the robust impact on economic growth in these countries. In applying the BMA, investment has been ineffective, and the rest of the factors have affected economic growth in a different order. The results from conventional approaches are somewhat different from the results of Bayesian methods. The results of this research can be used in modeling economic growth and better management of the growth process in Islamic countries.

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Provided working capital loans by Agricultural Bank have an important role in the agricultural productions growth. Certainly, to reduce the risk of loan repayment in the Agricultural Bank, the policies should be based on farmers' behavior. This paper is aimed to investigate the factors affecting the repayment behavior of the borrowers. So we use Ordered Legit model which ease the grouping of borrowers. The statistical population involves all farmers in North Khorasan province which borrow, through this type of loan (working capital loans for autumn planting), in the period of 1392-93. The sample includes 300 borrowers that are selected using stratified random sampling with proportional allocation.The results of the model estimation show that the effects of annual agricultural income, positive outstanding balance, ownership, history of borrowing loans, education level, and production scale on the loan repayment are statistically significant and positive. An increase in the level of these variables reduces the probability of farmers being in a group that default on some part or whole their loans.
 
 

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the present study was to investigate the impact of ownership type on the performance of Iranian banks. To this end, the performance of the given banks was measured by three indices including return on equity, return on assets, and cost-to-operating income ratio. The bank assets, loan-to-deposit ratio, liquidity ratio, leverage ratio, operating profit margin ratio, and debt-to-asset ratio were also included in the model as control variables. Moreover, three dummy variables were defined to investigate ownership effect, privatization effect, as well as the effect of getting listed on the stock exchange. The time period of the study was between 2004 and 2015. Besides, the study covered 17 banks including 7 private banks, 6 state-owned banks, and 4 privatized banks. In general, the results of the generalized estimating equation of the population-averaged model in the Stata 14.2 software indicated that private banks had yielded better performance indices compared with state-owned ones, but privatization of state-owned, had not brought about an improvement as well as increased efficiency in these banks.
 
 

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Privatization means assigning the ownership and management of the state firms to the private sector. Following this, it is expected that the efficiency of firms will increase, and so the firms gain more benefits. In the present paper, the performance of the state, private and privatized banks have been compared through studying the effects of privatization on the performance of banking system in terms of liquidity. This study has been conducted using the data of 11 banks during a 13-year period (2005-2017). Three groups of tests including panel regression tests, parametric and non-parametric tests have been used which all three tests have had the same results. The panel regression model has been used to study the effects of privatization on liquidity of the banking system as a whole. The results of model estimation show that privatization has had a significant and positive impact on banks performance in terms of liquidity. In the next step, parametric and non-parametric tests have been conducted to compare the performance of privatized banks in periods after and before applying the privatization. The results show a significant difference in these two periods. Then, the performances of privatized banks in the periods before and after applying the privatization have been compared to the performances of state and private banks. Findings show that compared with state and private banks, the performance of privatized banks has been improved.
 

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According to modern development theories, creativity plays an important role in economic growth through shifting human capabilities to human feasibilities. In fact, the milestone of development is when human, human mind, its infinite power, and human capabilities came in to consideration. So, the objective of this research is to study the effect of global indicators of creativity on economic growth in two set of countries (developed and developing countries) during 1990-2016, by using factor analysis and spatial methods.
The results of factor analysis indicate that there are three factors for creativity indicators in developing countries and two factors in developed countries. According to the results of spatial econometric method, both of the factors, the first (R&D expenditure, patent, high-technology exports and number of researchers in R&D) and the second factors (creative export and human capital) in developed countries have a positive effect on economic growth; also the results for developing countries show that all three of the first (R&D expenditure, patent and number of researchers in R&D) , the second (high-technology exports and creative export) and the third factors (human capital) , have a positive effect on economic growth