Analysis of Income Inequality in Iranian Provinces: 
        Ranking and Comparison Using Various Indices

Behdani, Zahra; Mohtashami, Gholamreza

doi:10.61186/qjerp.32.112.146

[Home ] [Archive]

[ فارسی ]

Journal of Economic Research and Policies

Main Menu

Home

Journal Information

Articles archive

For Authors

For Reviewers

Contact us

statistical info

Indexing and Abstracting

Islamic World Science Citation Center (ISC)
Google Scholar
SID (Scientific Information Database)
Magiran
Noormags

Islamic Economic Association Of Iran

Social Media

Paper Plagiarism Checker

Volume 32, Issue 112 (quarterly journal of economic research and policies 2025)

qjerp 2025, 32(112): 146-197

Back to browse issues page

Analysis of Income Inequality in Iranian Provinces: Ranking and Comparison Using Various Indices

Zahra Behdani ^*

, Gholamreza Mohtashami

Department of Mathematics and statistics, Faculty of Data Sciences and Energy, Behabahan Khatam Alanbia University of Technology , behdani@bkatu.ac.ir

Abstract: (507 Views)

One of the fundamental problems of countries is poverty and economic inequality. Income distribution in economics plays an important role in analyzing these inequalities. Investigating economic inequalities in the country's provinces is of great importance from the perspective of regional planning. The main purpose of this article is to conduct statistical studies on income inequality indicators in the country's provinces. This research has been conducted in a descriptive and analytical manner. The data used were extracted from the urban and rural household income and expenditure survey in 2019 and 2020. In order to rank the provinces, the data was analyzed separately for urban and rural areas and the results were presented in a comparative manner. The results of this study show that provinces such as Sistan and Baluchestan, North Khorasan, Kerman, and South Khorasan have a low rank in terms of average income and expenditure, which in a way reflects the deprivations in these provinces of income-generating and job opportunities. In contrast, the provinces of Tehran, Alborz, Mazandaran, and Bushehr are known as the provinces with the highest income and expenditure in the country. Based on the results obtained, suggestions have been made for policymakers to develop special development programs to reduce economic inequalities in deprived provinces.

Keywords: Income inequality indicators, Income distribution, Gini coefficient, Zanga coefficient, ratio coefficient

Full-Text [PDF 2026 kb] (214 Downloads)

Type of Study: Research | Subject: General

References

1. ابونوری، اسمعیل؛ مداح، مجید و نسیبه کرامتی‌زاده (1403). «اثر نابرابری اقتصادی بر سیاست مالی در چرخه سیاسی، مطالعه‌ای دراستان‌های ایران». فصلنامه علمی پژوهشی اقتصاد مقداری.

2. doi: 22055/10/jqe.46845/2024.2626

3. اعمی بنده قرایی، ح. و خداداد کاشی، ف. و ی. موسوی جهرمی (1398). «ارزیابی تأثیر پرداخت یارانه بر کاهش فقر در ایران». فصلنامه پژوهش‌ها و سیاست‌های اقتصادی، 27(89)، صص26-39.

4. بهدانی، ز.؛ واقعی، ی.؛ محتشمی برزادران، غ. و ب. صادق‌پور گیلده (1394). «مطالعه مقایسه‌ای شاخص‌های توزیع درآمد استان خراسان جنوبی با کشور طی سال‌های 1384 تا 1393». مجله بررسی آمار رسمی ایران، سال 26، شماره 2، پاییز و زمستان 1394،صص 161-181.

5. پروین، س. (1384). «نقش انواع درامدها در نابرابری توزیع درامد در ایران». تحقیقات اقتصادی. دوره 75، شماره 35، صص 130- 111.

6. حسینی، س. ش. (1394). «توزیع درآمد در ایران با استفاده از شاخص‌های جینی و اتکینسون در سال‌های ۱۳۸۰ تا ۱۳۹۲». فصلنامه پژوهش‌ها و سیاست‌های اقتصادی، 23(74)، صص 35-20.

7. سالم، ع. ا.؛ جهانگرد، ا. و ل. جباری (1400). «عوامل مؤثر بر نابرابری سلامت در استان‌های ایران». فصلنامه پژوهش‌ها و سیاست‌های اقتصادی، 29(99)، صص 14-9.

8. صادقی حسنوند، و.؛ امین رشتی، ن.؛ دامن کشیده، م. و آ. محرابیان (1399). «اثر تعدیل قیمت حامل‌های انرژی، شاخص‌های توزیع و فقر بر شاخص رفاهی جامعه شهری (مطالعه موردی کشور ایران)». فصلنامه پژوهش‌ها و سیاست‌های اقتصادی، 28(94)، صص 6-18.

9. کریمی، م. ش.؛ دل‌انگیزان، س. و الهام حشمتی دایاری (1397). «رشد فقرزدا در استان‌های منتخب ایران». فصلنامه پژوهش‌ها و سیاست‌های اقتصادی، 26(85)، صص 45-56.

10. کفائی و نصیری (1389). «معرفی و برآورد دو شاخص جدید نابرابری توزیع درآمد برای ایران: جینی تک پارامتری و آتکینسون-جینی». پژوهشنامه اقتصادی، دوره 39، شماره10، صص 105-138 .

11. کمیجانی، د. و ف. محمدزاده (1393). «تأثیر تورم بر توزیع درآمد و عملکرد سیاست‌های جبرانی». فصلنامه پژوهش‌ها و سیاست‌های اقتصادی، 22(69)، صص 12-25.

12. میرزائی، ش.؛ محتشمی برزادران، غ. و م. امینی (1397). «شاخص زنگا در سنجش نابرابری درآمد». مدل سازی اقتصاد سنجی، دوره 3، شماره 4. صص 113-133.

13. نژاد عبداله،م.؛ محتشمی برزادران، غ. و م. یعقوبی اول ریابی (1392). «شاخص‌های توزیع درآمد در ایران». مجله اقتصادی (دوماهنامه بررسی مسائل و سیاستهای اقتصادی)، دوره 13 شماره9و10، صص۶۴-۴۹.

14. هادی زنوز، ب. (1384). «فقر و نابرابری درآمد در ایران»، فصلنامه رفاه اجتماعی، دوره4، شماره17 (تابستان). صص 113-141.

15. Arnold B.C. (2015). "On Zenga and Bonferroni curves". Metron, No. 73, pp.25-30. [DOI:10.1007/s40300-014-0050-3]

16. Arnold B.C. (1986). "A class of hyperbolic Lorenz curves". Sankhyā: The Indian Journal of Statistics,Series B, pp. 427-436.

17. Arnold B. C. (1991). "Preservation and attenuation of inequality as measured by the Lorenz order". Lecture Notes-Monograph Series, pp. 25-37. [DOI:10.1214/lnms/1215459847]

18. Atkinson A.B. (1970). "On the measurement of inequality". Journal of Economic Theory, No. 2, pp. 244-263. [DOI:10.1016/0022-0531(70)90039-6]

19. Atkinson A. B. & F. Bourguignon (Eds.) (2014). Handbook of income distribution. Elsevier.‌

20. Bonferroni C. E. (1930). "Elementi di statisticagenerale: LibreriaSeber, Firenze.

21. Brazauskas V., Greselin F. & R. Zitikis (2024). "Measuring income inequality via percentile relativities". Quality & Quantity, pp. 1-38.‌ [DOI:10.1007/s11135-024-01881-2] [PMID] []

22. Champernowne David G. (1974). "A Comparison of Measurement of Inequality of Income Distribution", Economic Journal, Vol. 84. [DOI:10.2307/2230566]

23. Chancel L., Cogneau D., Gethin A., Myczkowski A. & A.S. Robilliard (2023). "Income inequality in Africa, 1990-2019: Measurement, patterns, determinants". World Development, No. 163, pp. 106-162.‌ [DOI:10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.106162]

24. Chandra M. and N.D. Singpurwalla (1981). "Relationships between some notions which are common to reliability theory and economics". Mathematics of Operations Research, No. 6, pp. 113-121. [DOI:10.1287/moor.6.1.113]

25. Csathó Á. (2023). "A Broken Social Elevator? How to Promote Social Mobility. OECD report (Paris, OECD Publishing, 2018)". Corvinus Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 14(2), pp. 185-194.‌ [DOI:10.14267/CJSSP.2023.2.9]

26. Cowell F. (2011). Measuring inequality. Oxford University Press. [DOI:10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199594030.001.0001]

27. Dalton H. (1920). "The measurement of the inequality of incomes". The Economic Journal, No. 30, pp. 348-361. [DOI:10.2307/2223525]

28. Damjanovic T. (2005). "Lorenz dominance for transformed income distributions: A simple proof". MathematicalSocial Sciences, No. 50, pp. 234-237. [DOI:10.1016/j.mathsocsci.2005.04.005]

29. Davydov Yu. And F. Greselin (2018). "Comparisons between poorest and richest to measure inequality", Sociological Methods & Research, First Published January 9. [DOI:10.1177/0049124117747300]

30. De Maio F.G. (2007). "Income inequality measures". Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 61(10), pp. 849-852.‌ [DOI:10.1136/jech.2006.052969] [PMID] []

31. Fellman J. (1976). "The effect of transformations on Lorenz curves". Econometrica (pre-1986), 44(4), p. 823. [DOI:10.2307/1913450]

32. Fellman J. (2013). "Discontinuous transformations and Lorenz curves". Journal of Statistical and EconometricMethods, No. 2, pp. 151-160.

33. Gastwirth J.L. (2016). "Measures of Economic Inequality Focusing on the Status of the Lower and Middle Income Groups", Statistics and Public Policy, 3(1), pp. 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/2330443X.2016.1213148 [DOI:10.1080/2330443X.2017.1360813]

34. Gini C. (1912). "Variability and mutability, contribution to the study of statistical distribution and relaitons". StudiEconomico-Giuricicidella R.

35. Imedio-Olmedo L.J., Bárcena-Martín E. and E.M. Parrado-Gallardo (2011). "A class of Bonferroni inequality indices". Journal of Public Economic Theory, No. 13, pp.97-124. [DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9779.2010.01494.x]

36. Kakwani N.C. (1980). "On a class of poverty measres". Econometrica, No. 48, pp.437-46. [DOI:10.2307/1911106]

37. Kleiber C. (2004). "Lorenz ordering of order statistics from log-logistic and related distributions". Journalof Statistical Planning and Inference, No.120, pp.13-19. [DOI:10.1016/S0378-3758(02)00495-0]

38. Kleiber C. and S. Kotz (2003). "Statistical Size Distributions in Economics and Actuarial Sciences", John Wiley & Sons, Canada. [DOI:10.1002/0471457175]

39. Klefsjö B. (1984). "Reliability interpretations of some concepts from economics". Naval Research Logistics (NRL), No. 31, pp. 301-308. [DOI:10.1002/nav.3800310212]

40. Lorenz M.O. (1905). "Methods of measuring the concentration of wealth". Publications of the AmericanStatistical Association, No. 9, pp. 209-219. [DOI:10.1080/15225437.1905.10503443]

41. Pareto V. (1895). La LeggedellaDomanda. GiornaledegliEconomisti, Gennaio. pp.59-68.

42. Pham T. and N. Turkkan (1994). "The Lorenz and the scaled total-time-on-test transform curves: a unified approach". IEEE Transactions on Reliability, No. 43, pp.76-84. [DOI:10.1109/24.285115]

43. Piketty T. (2014). "Capital in the twenty-first century". Trans. Arthur Goldhammer/Belknap.‌ [DOI:10.4159/9780674369542]

44. Polisicchio M. and F. Porro (2009). "A comparison between Lorenz L (p) curve and Zenga I (p) curve". Statisticaapplicata, No. 21, pp. 289-301.

45. Ravallion M. (1992). Poverty comparisons: A guide to concepts and methods.‌

46. Ravallion M. (2014). "Income inequality in the developing world". Science, 344(6186). pp. 851-855.‌ [DOI:10.1126/science.1251875] [PMID]

47. Sarabia J.M., Castillo E., Pascual M. and M. Sarabia (2005). "Mixture Lorenz curves". EconomicsLetters, No. 89, pp. 89-94. [DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2005.05.015]

48. Sen A. (2014). "Development as freedom (1999)". The globalization and development reader: Perspectives on development and global change, 525.‌

49. Tarsitano A. (1990). "The Bonferroni index of income inequality.In Income and Wealth Distribution, Inequality and Poverty: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Income Distribution by Size: Generation, Distribution, Measurement and Applications, Held at the University of Pavia, Italy, September 28-30, 1989. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 228-242.

50. Theil H. (1967). "Economics and Information Theory". North Holland Publishing Company,Amsterdam.

51. TompsonJr W. (1976). "Fisherman's luck," Biometrics, pp. 265-271. [DOI:10.2307/2529497]

52. Yitzhaki S., Schechtman E., Yitzhaki S. & E. Schechtman (2013). More than a dozen alternative ways of spelling Gini. The Gini methodology: A primer on a statistical methodology, pp. 11-31. [DOI:10.1007/978-1-4614-4720-7_2]

53. Zenga M. (1984). "Tendenzaallamassimaedalla minima concentrazione per variabilicasualicontinue". Statistica, No. 4, pp. 619-640.

54. Zenga M. (2007). "Inequality curve and inequality index based on the ratios between lower and upper arithmetic means". Statistica andapplicazioni, No. 5, pp. 3-27.

Send email to the article author

Add your comments about this article

‎ 10.61186/qjerp.32.112.146

Mendeley

Zotero

RefWorks

Behdani Z, Mohtashami G. Analysis of Income Inequality in Iranian Provinces: Ranking and Comparison Using Various Indices. qjerp 2025; 32 (112) :146-197
URL: http://qjerp.ir/article-1-3662-en.html

Rights and permissions
	This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution ۴.۰ International License (CC BY ۴.۰)

Volume 32, Issue 112 (quarterly journal of economic research and policies 2025)

Back to browse issues page

Persian site map - English site map - Created in 0.05 seconds with 43 queries by YEKTAWEB 4710